Dancy, J., 1985, The role of imaginary cases in ethics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 66: 141-153. Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy. Changsha : Hunan Renmin Chubanshe . For example, in Chapter 1 of the Zhuangzi there is the story of a fish named Minnow turning into a bird named Breeze and being laughed at by the cicada and student-dove.19 Here Zhuangzi suggests that it is only because the little bugs have such a small perspective that they cant understand bigger things, so while its understandable that they laugh, its due to a short-sightedness on their part. 15Or to take an example not from ethics, John Searle writes about being in a room with a manual that helps him to correlate certain Chinese characters such that he can answer questions given to him in Chinese (even though he knows no Chinese) by referring to a manual written in English about which characters to give in response to which character inputs. Napoli: Universit degli Studie di Napoli LOrientale.. 2014. The Ethics of Responding Properly: The Notion Qing in Early Chinese Thought. In Love and Emotions in Traditional Chinese Literature, edited by Halvor Eifring. Hui Tzu10 said to Chuang Tzu, "The king of Wei gave me some seeds of a huge gourd. Roth, Harold D. 1991. He lives an unexamined life and is thereby ignorant of his own ignorance. Our text offers three additional examples: Nie Ques conversation with Wang Ni; Huizi and Zhuangzi about gourds; the story of Cook Ding (sometimes called Butcher Ding); and the story of Wheelwright Pian. Huizi described the tree as gnarled, similar to Sartres description. Change). Or consider the story of Huizi and the yard-long gourd that was too big to be a ladle so Huizi smashes it because it was useless.20 Zhuangzi then tells a story about a smart traveler who knew how to make good use of an ointment for chapped hands. So I smashed them.2. What, if anything, are you morally required to do? Dao 20, 133148 (2021). Nothing Can Overcome Heaven: The Notion of Spirit in the Zhuangzi. In Hiding the World in the World: Uneven Discourses on the Zhuangzi, edited by Scott Cook. crits de Matre Wen , . Ren, Songyao. Changsha : Hunan Renmin Chubanshe . Dschuang-Dsi. Oxford: Oxford University Press. He sees his potential and is motivated as if by a guiding star upon which a wish might be fulfilled. Let us bring our Wandering Far and Unfettered to a close here in this third Meditation of the Zhuangzis opening chapter. Keep me logged in (not suitable for shared devices). 2007. Part of Springer Nature. 2Reading Zhuangzi one encounters anecdotes that are not quite the same as a classic Western thought experiment, and yet there are several similarities we might note. Were There Inner Chapters in the Warring States? Leiden: Brill. over 2,300 years ago He taught the Tao, or way, an approach to life based on effortlessness and harmony with ones nature. 8One hallmark of thought experiments is that they involve stretching ones imagination for a time in order to imagine either an unusual human, an unusual situation, or both. Paris: Cathasia, 2e tirage. 18ZDA031]. These are two requisites together, and one being so does not make the other. A Didactic Annotation to the Zhuangzi . habit that he would encourage us to recognize and free ourselves of. This is what the ancients call loosing the bonds. And often, they do. Each moment, the opportunity to switch between Huizi and Zhuangzi presents itself. For one, the hypothetical thought experiment involves a situation or type of person that is often simplified and underdescribed, meaning we might not know in the imagined case what the right thing to do is. . Sometimes he offers a direct commentary on a certain character or view; other times he doesnt. Emotion and Agency in Zhuangzi. Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East 21.1: 97121. My organs are all out of order. WebHuizi and Zhuangzi. Huizi took the utility of gourds as being their usefulness as containers or drinking vessels, and so concluded that the gourds in question being too large for this purpose had no utility; Zhuangzi pointed out that there is a perspective that Huizi had not considered -- utility not as a container but as a raft -- from which this is not so. 30Perhaps if only Zhuangzi and others didnt come up with such memorable traps. 1968. 2015. 1889. Zhuangzi on Qing: Lack of Qing, Giving Free Reign to Qing, and Setting Qing at Rest :. Philosophical Researches 4: 5059. Imaginations wander through a world of Zhuangzis human and non-human characters, but unlike with the Western thought experiments, bringing back observations of such people and situations with the express purpose of better helping and understanding our own lives is not necessarily the point. Zhuangzi does write that Master Chariot is of sound mind. You get something when its time. Machek, David. 2004. 2000. 3099067 By utilizing modern logical analysis tools, this study reveals what and how the propositions and inferences contained in the language of the debate are articulated accurately and strictly. This is what Jonathan Dancy suggests9. Since these questions might be hard to grasp in the abstract, philosophers come up with thought experiments, and based on what our understanding of the hypothetical situation is, we then move to a similar real-world scenario, having gained insight, supposedly, of how to think about those situations. Google Scholar. Foot, P., 1967, The problem of abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect, Oxford Review, V. Hochsmann, H., Guorong, Y., 2007, Zhuangzi, Boston, Pearson Education. vres De Tchoang-Tzeu. Although some of Zhuangzis stories may fail as good thought experiments by Western standards, due to the lack of clear questions and positions advanced, I submit that in other ways, his stories are not less effective in encouraging readers to question their own views and to consider alternative perspectives. Zhang, Mosheng, , trans. You are able to divert the trolley to the other track (you cant stop the trolley or have it go in between the tracks; at least one person is going to die in this scenario). 3 0 obj The Status of Qing in Philosophical Texts of Ancient China. In Expressions of States of Mind in Asia, edited by Paolo Santangelo. ______. 23 This is uncharacteristic of Western thought experiments where the philosopher presents the imagined case and then discusses what it implies. Zhongguancun 59, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, China, Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte, KU Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierplein 2, 3000, Leuven, Belgium, You can also search for this author in My chin is hidden in my navel. In Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy, edited by Philip J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden. ______. One reason Oxford: Oxford University Press. He is trapped within the boundaries of his own preconceptions. 2015. Wieger, Lon, trans. It is to Zhuangzi that we now turn. Thats what it means to construct for oneself a fictional intellectual opponent with which to spar. The Zhuangist Views on Emotions. Asian Philosophy 28.1: 5567. What should you do?1, Huizi said to Zhuangzi, The king of Wei left me the seeds of a big gourd. This word is also used in the title of the first chapter of the Zhuangzi: Free and Easy Wandering (xiao yao you ). In the same way, your teachings have no practical use., Zhuangzi replied, This tree may be useless as lumber, but you could rest in the gentle shade of its big branches or admire its rustic character. There is a runaway trolley that is headed towards five people who are repairing the tracks up ahead. Bradenton, FL: BookLocker. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). First, we demonstrate that, while Huizi probably understands qing as something like feelings or emotions, Zhuangzis view is that having qing is connected with making shifei judgments whereas having no qing means that shifei has no grip on those ren, especially the shengren. Roth, Harold D. 1991. Jinan : Qilu Shushe . Commentary and Subcommentary on the Zhuangzi . WebZongzi ( Chinese: ) or simply zong (Cantonese Jyutping: zung2) is a traditional Chinese rice dish made of glutinous rice stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo Most scholars have understood qing in this exchange as referring to feelings or emotions. We take issue with such readings. I planted them, and when they grew, the fruit was a yard across. Theory of Non-Emotion in the Zhuangzi and Its Connection to Wei-Jin Poetry. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 40.2: 340354. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The video below (Flight from the Shadow) is an example of the type of teaching he engaged in. Furthermore, in giving voice to such an odd character, Zhuangzi could be challenging those of us who have a problem with unusual transformations happening to us to have a looser grip on our expectations in life. 2003. In these classic thought experiments, and many others, there is a clear question being asked. This is exactly what is occurring in the mind of Huizi. 2016. Liu, Qingping. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Kjellberg, Paul, trans. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Or in Jacksons case, why couldnt he just have stated that there are things about our experience of color that cannot be learned through propositions in science? Such is the happiness of fish. Huizi said, You are not a fish, so whence do you know the happiness of fish? With Zhuangzi, however, its not clear that understanding his stories is supposed to lead us back to some aspect of human life. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11712-020-09765-6, https://www.academia.edu/35172330/Zhuangzis_Doctrine_of_No_Emotions_forthcoming_in_Dao_Companion_to_the_Philosophy_of_the_Zhuangzi_Kim_Chong_Chong_and_Kai_Yuan_Cheng_eds_final_draft, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/23427, http://www.terebess.hu/english/chuang.html. HuiZi said to ZhuangZi, "The Prince of Wei gave me a seed of a large-sized kind of gourd. Anecdotes and thought experiments in Zhuangzi and Western philosophy, Rethinking Philosophy, Semiotics, and the Arts with Umberto Eco, Rethinking Schelling. The Tradition of Emotive Writing in the Zhuangzi and Its Echoes in Later Generations. Frontiers of Philosophy in China 10.3: 340352. https://www.academia.edu/35172330/Zhuangzis_Doctrine_of_No_Emotions_forthcoming_in_Dao_Companion_to_the_Philosophy_of_the_Zhuangzi_Kim_Chong_Chong_and_Kai_Yuan_Cheng_eds_final_draft (last accessed on October 12, 2020). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. We use cookies to improve your website experience. All Is Well in the Great Mess. The maker of things is really knotting me up.Master Sacrifice said, Do you dislike it?He said, Not at all. Oxford: Oxford University Press. What better carriage? Despeux, Catherine. Huizi, aka Hui Shi, was a representative of the School of Names. Middendorf, Ulrike. The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. Xu, Bing . Daoism: Laozi and Zhuangzi. In World Philosophy, edited by Jay L. Garfield and William Edelglass. He accomplishes this through something reminiscent of a Socratic Dialogue. Although many of the anecdotes in the Zhuangzi would fail to count as good thought experiments, the very reasons they fail might be exactly what Zhuangzi intends in order to promote philosophical reflection and wonder. Afterwards, one leaves behind the fantastical elements of the thought experiment and is just left with a proposition about human morality, epistemology, etc. New York: Bantam Books. . 1920. He The thought experiments here and conclusions about the imaginary cases are taken to help defend a certain stance (e.g., against utilitarianism, against strong artificial intelligence) that the philosopher wants to take. Introduction: Emotions and the Conceptual History of Qing . In Love and Emotions in Traditional Chinese Literature, edited by Halvor Eifring. He presupposes the correctness of his own logic, and when the world shows him that he is incorrect, say through his failure to actualize some potential, he takes this as evidence that the world is incorrect. crits de Matre Wen , . The Complete Work of the Zhuangzi . In the story, Huizi was talking about this tree to Zhuangzi, the early Daoist philosopher. Xu, Bing . PubMedGoogle Scholar. 21Van Norden makes the following comment on this story as it relates to an overarching theme we see in Zhuangzi about freeing the mind: By stressing flexible responsiveness to particular contexts, Zhuangzi encourages us to think in creative and nontraditional ways. Sign up to the Wild Isle Mailing List for exclusive previews, updates, and opportunities. 3Of course there is no way in one paper that I could hope to take into consideration the variety of contemporary Western thought experiments and compare them to even half of the fables we find in the Zhuangzi. A Complete Translation of the Zhuangzi [in modern Chinese] . I will then discuss some of the fictitious anecdotes that appear in the Zhuangzi. The Zhuangzi () is named after Zhung Zhu (), who flourished in the later half of the fourth century bce. Once weve gotten the message e.g., about utilitarianism, physicalism, or transformations in life Zhuangzi is suggesting that in some sense we can leave behind the artificial intellectual trap that got us the idea. Dordrecht: Springer. 2003. 2010. The yak and the weasel. Wandering on the Way. Zhang, Gengguang , trans. 27In comparison, Zhuangzis stories arguably fail as good thought experiments because there often isnt a clear question being asked, nor is it always evident what position Zhuangzi is trying to advance, what distinctions or aspects of the story he thinks are important, etc. 2015. Being in the forest industry, I know that a crooked tree is not suitable for making standard commodity lumber products, but it can make high quality decorative products which feature its natural beauty and individuality. Article In The Sacred Books of the East, edited by F. Max Mller. If he turns my buttocks into wheels and my spirit into a horse, Ill climb aboard. One thing that does seem clear is that Zhuangzi advances the view that anything one asserts is necessarily from a certain perspective. I planted it, and when it matured it weighed over a hundred pounds. His language did not hit his target the intent to make sense of things. This suggests that Zhuangzi saw Hui Shi as caught in a paradox. 23What Zhuangzi thinks of Master Chariot we dont know for sure. Graham, A. C. 1981. Ray Sorensen writes that analytic philosophers make heavy use of thought experiment because it is the natural test for the clarificatory practices constituting conceptual analysis: definition, question delegation, drawing distinctions, crafting adequacy conditions, teasing out entailments, advancing possibility proofs, mapping inference patterns (1992: 15). Eifring, Halvor. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/estetica/5889; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/estetica.5889, Creative Commons - Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Vedi la notizia bibliografica nel catalogo OpenEdition, Mappa del sito Contatti Crediti RSS Feed, Norme sulla privacy Cookie Policy Segnala un problema, Noi aderiamo a OpenEdition Edito con Lodel Accesso riservato, Sarai reindirizzato su OpenEdition Search, Briding traditions. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Zhuangzi and Huizi were strolling along the dam of the Hao Waterfall when Zhuangzi said, See how the minnows come out and dart around where they please! endobj WebHuizi said to Zhuangzi, Can a ren indeed be without qing? The reply was, He can.But on what grounds do you call him a ren, who is thus without qing? Zhuangzi said, The Now had I used this for holding liquids, it would have been too heavy to lift; and had I cut it in half for ladles, the ladles would have been too flat for such purpose. Dschuang-Dsi. 2009. What is he trying to do? Morgan, Jeffrey. 22The above stories show that sometimes Zhuangzi is forthright on what he thinks about a certain creature, human or otherwise. Middendorf, Ulrike. Well end by analyzing a parablea conversation between logician Huizi and a fictionalize version of Zhuangzi himself: Huizi said to Zhuangzi, The King of Wei gave me the seed of a great gourd. 1994. Such is the happiness of fishes. You not being a fish, said Huizi, how can What he doesnt realize is that it is his own potential which he is smashing. London: Bernard Quaeitch. For example, we might want to interpret Master Chariots story in light of other thingsZhuangzi says about the natural transformation of things25 and conclude that Zhuangzi is trying to say that transformation (whether an arm into a rooster, or life into death) is nothing to fear or avoid. Das wahre Buch vom sdlichen Bltenland. Zhuangzi. <>>> But in cherry picking some famous thought experiments and anecdotes in the Zhuangzi, I will demonstrate that there are a couple of interesting differences to draw out that I think would apply to many pairings of a Western thought experiment and one of Zhuangzis stories. Tang, Yijie. What is there to dislike? Zhuang Zi . Albany: State University of New York Press. Price excludes VAT (USA) Ma, Lin, and Jaap van Brakel. Then I will explain some differences in the way Zhuangzi presents and uses fictional anecdotes. (LogOut/ 2003. That is to say, we each contain this same oppositional force within and among us. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This is uncharacteristic of Western thought experiments where the philosopher presents the imagined case and then discusses what it implies. We do see that philosophers use the thought experiments to align themselves with particular positions (e.g., non-physicalism, utilitarianism, weak artificial intelligence, etc.) but if its not clear what we are supposed to remember, then whats the point? Even if we are confident about what to do in an imaginary case, the criticism has been raised that thought experiments dont actually reflect a truth about reality; rather, they just reflect our beliefs about reality13. The Asian master of wit and storytelling is the Daoist, Zhuangzi (sometimes spelled Chuang-Tzu). Albany: State University of New York Press. But one gained territory while the others never escaped bleaching silk because what they used it for was different. 2011. - 95.111.234.200. Lenehan, Katia. First, we demonstrate that, while Huizi probably understands qing as something like feelings or emotions, Zhuangzis view is that having qing is connected with making shifei judgments whereas having no qing means that shifei has no grip on those ren, especially the shengren. Emotion in Pre-Qin Ruist Moral Theory: An Explanation of Dao Begins in Qing. Philosophy East and West 53.2: 271281. ______, trans. It is the acknowledgement of his ignorance which give him a reason to better himselfbecause he knows just how far he is from who he could become. One could, for example, think here of Zhuangzis famous butterfly dream that concludes chapter 2 of the Zhuangzi or of his testimony about his reaction to his wifes death in chapter 18. ______. If you dont loose yourself, things will bind you. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2011. Zhuangzi writes: Suddenly, Master Chariot got sick. Sometimes the human beings are normal human beings, but they are involved in highly unusual situations. Beijing : Zhongguo Huaqiao Chubanshe . 25 One could, for example, think here of Zhuangzis famous butterfly dream that concludes chapter 2 of the Zhuangzi or of his testimony about his reaction to his wifes death in chapter 18. Leiden: Brill. 11As mentioned before, Dancy explains that sometimes we come up with an imaginary case because its relevantly similar to an actual case, but the imaginary case is easier for us to think through. Dordrecht: Springer. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Schipper, Kristofer, trans. I split them into ladles but they were too big to dip into anything. One reason 1891. At other times, he presents a story and just leaves it more up to the reader to interpret. Emotionless in Confucianism and Daoism: A New Interpretation. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 38.1: 118133. One who has achieved the intellectual flexibility to recognize that a gourd (although normally used as a ladle) can (if big enough) also serve as a boat has also achieved the flexibility to see the value in things at which the many laugh.22. Ren, Songyao. Les vres de Matre Tchouang. The point is often to free us from the human perspective. We might glean this lesson from taking in a set of Zhuangzis stories, with the assumption that he has some consistent view. Qin, Xuqing , and Sun Yongchang , trans. The Status of Qing in Philosophical Texts of Ancient China. In Expressions of States of Mind in Asia, edited by Paolo Santangelo. Zhuangzi, the Taoist philosopher, lived in. What is there to dislike?There is no commentary from Zhuangzi himself on this story23, except that he writes of other people who also testify that whatever Heaven does to them, they do and should receive without resisting. ______. Qin, Xuqing , and Sun Yongchang , trans. stream Contemporary Annotations and Translations of the Zhuangzi . Bradley, Scott P. 2015. Master Sacrifice went to ask after him. Zhang, Mosheng, , trans. There is no neutral fence on which to sit, but neither is there land immune to the shifting sands of the constantly changing universe. Huizi believes his knowledge is sufficiently complete as to be capable of using rational deduction to come to only correct answers. In this article we focus on the famous dialogue between Zhuangzi and Huizi concerning the question whether or not ren (in particular the shengren ) have qing . Albany: State University of New York Press. In fact, in Zhuangzis case, the featured voices are often non-human. 2015. Eno, Robert, trans. Paris: ditions de lencyclopdie des nuisances. I planted it, and it bore a fruit as big as a five bushel measure. Zhuangzi. It would seem that the virtue of Master Chariot is that he humbly accepts whatever happens to him, and it is the mental (ability to let go) that is more important than the physical. Ironic, then, that our representative of logic, logician Huizi, is not capable of such creativity. Zhuangzi and Hui Shi on Qing . Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series 40.1: 2145. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The Drunkards And The Tavern A Poem by Rumi, An illustrated ebook of Vigyan Bhairav Tantra translated by Lakshman Joo. Legge, James, trans. Ziporyn, Brook, trans. Arthur C. Danto e l'ontologia dell'arte, Il Significato Eluso. Zhuangzis Doctrine of No-Emotion (pre-production draft). Guiyang : Guizhou Renmin Chubanshe . Frank Jackson7 writes about a brilliant neuroscientist named Mary who has extensive knowledge of all of the physical facts about color. Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy. The debate between Zhuangzi and Huizi has profound epistemological significance, however, the main body of their debate comprises logical inferences and Emotions and Genuineness in Chinese Native Thinking: A Response to Graham and Hansen ():. Journal of Beijing Youth Politics College 14.1: 4852. Zhuangzi - Chapter 1 (Carefree Living) - Huizi's Giant Gords. 1928/1989. Zhuangzi, aka Chang Tzu, aka Zhuang Zhao, was a Chinese Taoist master, c. 300 AD. https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/23427 (last accessed on November 27, 2020). Napoli: Universit degli Studie di Napoli LOrientale.. A Complete Translation of the Zhuangzi [in modern Chinese] . Such a tree has grown to a ripe old age by adapting itself to its environment. And like Zhuangzis creative innovation, turning a gourd into a boat, the greater, higher man recreates what is possible for himself. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. This is not to say that all thought experiments incorporate all of these things, but a good thought experiment will often touch on several. Leiden: Brill. Chong, Kim-chong. Jackson uses this thought experiment to argue that because Mary gains some knowledge the first time she sees red, she didnt know everything to know about color through knowing all the physical facts about color and so, he says, the thesis of physicalism (i.e., the idea that everything is physical) is false.8. This is the necessary humility for one to overcome his arrogance. Our text offers three additional examples: Nie Ques conversation with Wang Ni; Huizi and Zhuangzi about gourds; the story of Cook Ding (sometimes called Butcher Ding); and the story of Wheelwright Pian. 2016. Bradenton, FL: BookLocker. Although these differences arguably make Zhuangzis anecdotes poor thought experiments, according to Western analytic standards, it seems that if the purpose of a fabricated story is to encourage the reader to broaden her philosophical outlook, to see something more clearly that she might not have seen in a more realistic case, or to provide a more memorable way to retain a point, then Zhuangzis stories are highly effective pedagogical tools. 1913/1983. 2007. 20Zhuangzi here seems to be criticizing Huizi for not being creative enough, for being limited in his understanding of the varying uses something can have. 2018. In fact, there is more value in destroying it than keeping it around. Now imagine we were discussing an idea, say, a potential solution to a problem. If he turns my right arm into a bow, Ill shoot down a dove for roasting. Dao Lin Ma. 2005. Emotion and Agency in Zhuangzi. Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East 21.1: 97121. Liu, Qingping. Lynn, Richard John. A New Commentary on the Zhuangzi [in modern Chinese] . %PDF-1.5 26But perhaps Zhuangzi doesnt want to be charitably pinned down; perhaps this attitude itself is a kind of (Western?) Does that mean Zhuangzi approves of Master Chariots accepting attitude? Wilhelm, Richard, trans. Part of Springer Nature. USefullnes is. The Background of the Mencian Theory of Human Nature. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 6.12: 215271. Abstract On a prima facia reading, Zhuangzi seems to endorse some form of skepticism or relativism. For example, one could say, as a utilitarian, Im committed to maximizing happiness and minimizing pain so if there is a choice between letting five people live and one die or five die and one live, then I will do the former. Zhuangzi: The Inner Chapters. It was big and all, but because it was so useless I finally just smashed it to pieces., Zhuangzi said, You are certainly stupid when it comes to using big things. WebThe Asian master of wit and storytelling is the Daoist, Zhuangzi (sometimes spelled Chuang-Tzu). Neuchtel: Peter Lang. Chen, Guying , trans. In fact, its hard to think of a thought experiment where the question being asked is not clear. I cut them into pieces to make ladles, but they were so flat and broad that they wouldn't hold anything. are sufficiently exhaustive to make his conclusion sound. Indianapolis: Hackett. This so-called Trolley Problem was originally introduced by Philippa Foot5, but arguably was made famous by Judith Thomson6, and it is used in many discussions of either utilitarian moral theory or the ethics of killing versus letting die, with regards to certain scenarios in bioethics. Qu Yuan was a versatile government official at that time, and he was highly 2019. 2008. Zhuangzi: The Essential Writings. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Chicken Express Gravy Recipe, A New England Nun Summary Sparknotes, Gustavo Rivera Net Worth, Articles H