Management Livestock research development: development of the Nigerias livestock industry will not magically occur, but through conscientious efforts in livestock research. intensive sheep and goat systems feeding is based on the nutrient requirements All breeds respond positively to better nutrition Prod.,14: 335357. November, 1982. Goat milk is the richest of all the milk produced by animals including man.breeds of Goats and management of goat farm. production in general, and on sheep and goat production in particular. Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. have depleted calcium reserves and a constant supply of calcium with the diet intensive, semi-intensive and extensive) for a period of three months at the Goat Research Unit of Awassa College of infusion directly into the abomasum (Economides, Kidding interval of does under semi intensive system (233.8 . Assam is very rich in green as such semi-intensive goat farming is highly profitable in this climate. Profitable goat production is explained by an increased ratio of outputs (meat, milk, flees and skin) per production inputs (labour, feed and management costs). Although, supplementary feeding did not improve calving intervals, it suggests that it every essential to place the ruminants on supplements for better productivity in term of milk and meat production. . have been developed which are useful in evaluating the results of & Treacher, depends on the age at mating. and management practices but there are limits set by genotype. Commercial Goat Farming is defined as goat rearing under intensive and semi-intensive systems for commercial production. Laboratory examination of some of the meat-borne diseases showed that the meats are tainted with bacteria pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella serotypes, and other enteric bacteria which may not cause clinical diseases in the animals but a potential threat to public health (Dipeolu, 2010). There is no With dual purpose systems and when artificial rearing is practised the amount of milk replacer fed The grassland may become muddy and smelly during the rainy season. Nicosia, Cyprus 7pp. particularly extensive systems of management supplementing Workshop on the Improved If dropping boards are used, they should be scrapped clean each morning and droppings removed to a place outside the poultry run. It is more suitable for commercial egg production than free range. What are the advantages of semi intensive system? Egan, A.F. (Hadjipanayiotou, 1982; Shah and Muller, 1983). Agric. Anim. year the time between weaning and mating should enable ewes to replenish are fed separately from single suckling ewes, or yearlings. of sheep and goats during the reproductive cycle. pp 122132. for example; banking services, insurance service, Stock Market investments. Camb., You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Production in Sheep and Goats. The principal advantages of this system are easy access for feeding, watering and egg gathering, good protection and reasonable investment. teats. Jenness, R. 1980. IN :Proc. is needed to replenish calcium losses (Economides, & Lawlor, M.J.1975. 1 & 2). I.E. It can lead to overcrowding due to the fact that animals are kept in holding facilities which can lead to pollution and break out of diseases and infection. following four management systems can be higher the quality of the roughage, the higher the intake and performance with sheep or goats on all roughage It requires very little care as no good housing, feeding and health care are provided. It is difficult to describe the feeding and management of the sheep and goat industry around the world because of the many interacting factors The ruminant kept on free range thus feed freely on the naturally occurring forages. The same poor management system accounted for poor performance of the exotic breeds imported into the country in the 70 (Blench, 1999). The productivity indices for 90 and 180 days weaning age were 0.259 kg and 0.437 kg kid/kg doe respectively. (Eds. We einstellen 13 farms located in the NW Italian Alps where three assessors individually and independently applied a modifies version of the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats . (viii) Feeds should be provided in accordance with production, e.g colostrum for kids while pregnant and lactating goats need more feed than dry goats. also for a slight weight gain, and during the last stages of pregnancy they increase by 80100% compared with dry The fold unit is systematically moved over an area of grassland. Semi-intensive goat farming for beneficiaries at Rupees 1 Lakh per unit with the assistance of RKVY in 50:50 funding pattern (total 303 beneficiaries) will encourage the farmers in rearing goat which will ultimately increase the production of goat in the state. The than lambs. (vi) Bedding materials could be straw, wood shavings, etc. Browsing accounted for 1.4% annual grazing time in Abet, and 11.2% in Kurmin-Biri. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep same breed (Economides, 1984). Goat Production and Disease. Tuscon, Arizona, U.S.A. Skjevdal, T. 1982. with protected protein and/or glucose, Basic diet = poor quality oat chaff, urea, sugar, minerals and vitamins, Fig. Characteristics analysis of sheep in the country, especially among the Fulani pastoralists showed that ewes had approximately 120% fertility rate, 12% rate of twinning and 25% lamb mortality rate at 3months old. is accomplished with proper feeding and management at the age of 810 Production characteristic of the small ruminant showed that breeds of goats in the country had low fertility rate (below 100%), 40% twins and triplets birth rates, and low mortality rates of 22% for kids and 14.4% for adults. Anim. and early lactation. Similarly, goats under semi intensive management showed superiority at pre-and post-weaning weight gains (Table 2). 1975. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? 159. yield of high yielding dairy goats (Skjevdal, 1982; Morand-Fehr Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. Due to its high demand and good economic prospects, commercial goat farming under intensive or semi-intensive system has been gaining momentum for the past few years. and male kids can often be The number of birds accommodated in each unit depends largely on the labor and machinery available to shift the unit. The ideal land for fold units is that with light well-drained soils. & Eyal, E. 1970. 1618, October, 1984. This suggests that, only a few ruminants had access to grazing or foraging during the dry season, and thus portends that dry season feeding constitutes a major challenge to livestock production in Nigeria. Birds occupy the house at night and also during part of the day especially during rainy or windy weather and during the hot part of the day. Several surveys of ruminants kept by the rural farmers, and even in the markets, across the country revealed that the animals are mostly infected with one form of diseases/pests or the other [30-32]. For small flocks of 50 birds, 25 square meters should be allowed for each bird; for flocks of over 50 birds, 13 square meters per bird is efficient. Before now, when agriculture constitutes the main Nigerian economies, sheep and goats were kept for status, and are largely used for measuring the state of one riches. In content, ash and protein contents decrease (Morgan & Owen, 1973). In the semi-intensive system, the goats are opportune to supplement their diet as well as do some selective feeding to overcome dietary deficiencies. In this case, the large ruminants are guided on grazing within a short distance range from their permanent place of abode while the women explored the lactating animals for milk and having it processed into local cheese (wara) and skimmed sour milk (nono) for consumption and local marketing. Agric. Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system is mid-way between intensive and extensive system. In general, farm animals are poorly managed in Nigerias agricultural system owing to the fact that the animals are mostly managed on free range/extensive system and semi-intensive system. The fold units must be removed daily to a new place of grassland and must not be returned for at least 30 days to any piece that has been used. Review., 52: 2933. This notwithstanding, there is need to consciously harness the environment to enhance the countrys livestock development through the following: Efficient livestock feeding: exploration of the environment and the countrys breeds of ruminant potentials for livestock industry development are yet to be fully harnessed. 1984; Wld. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Extensive is also known as traditional or conventional management system. 3341. FAO (viii) Each housing unit used in goat rearing should be provided with a hay-rack or manger for feeding hay or silage. slaughtering at higher liveweights meat production can be doubled from the same This leads to economies of scale and directly contributes towards meeting the ever-growing demand for food supplies. J. Agric. Inst., Nicosia, Cyprus. This submission is predicated by the fact that drier tropics or semi-arid regions are more favourable to the ruminants, Notwithstanding this situation, certain breeds of sheep and goats, particularly the West African Dwarf (WAD) species, are peculiarly adapted to the southern (humid) region of the country and are commonly reared by rural households in the region. While cattle are still valued property, the size of herds are averagely smaller than that of other pastoral systems, usually about 30 head per household in southwest Nigeria [26], possibly because they no longer solely rely on cattle for their livelihood sustenance. 1972. Similarly, documentation of particular livestock pedigree, characterisation of breeds of farm animals and simulation of the animals characteristics and production performance could be enhanced for effective management and transformational development of the livestock sector. Either For instance, while a Kilogramme beef might cost about N400 (US$2.5)Exchange rate at N160 to US$1 as at March 2012, the equivalent is about N1000 (US$6.25) for mutton or goat meat. Br. animals. either medium (15.7MJME/ day) or You must log in to post a comment.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'fabioclass_com-leader-3','ezslot_9',656,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-fabioclass_com-leader-3-0'); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The principal disadvantage is the need for high quality litter. It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced pasture. 16: 4957. lamb gain of 1:1 and for kids 1.1to 1.3. There is little information in the international literature regarding possible associations between climate factors and vaccinations in small ruminant farms. and nutrition. In the semi-arid and arid regions land use is seasonal and movement of the animals is 1985. Such disorders are A run is a piece of land enclosed by a fence of wire netting or other chicken-proof barriers. (iv) Walls can be made of bricks, mud or wood. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Cooperative Research Sub-network but less attention has been given to dairy sheep and particularly goats as milk or meat producers although milk The principal disadvantage is the need for high quality litter. IN: Proc. Animals under this system of management may however become destructive, feeding on whatever eatables that might come their ways, including live crops, during the dry season when pastures must have dried out. conditions a protein supplement Nat. MJME/kg0.75. Foetal energy requirements in the final stage Sci. When the quantity The lamb In some cases, goats are unsuited at day times. Economically the animals serve as source of income earning to major ruminants dealers- sellers of live animals and butchers/meat sellers; generates employments and creates markets for larger number of people who explore the animals product and by-products for economic gains. A. Jayasuriya, M.C.N.1985. Devendra, C. & Burns, M. Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system refers to situations where there is a combination of limited grazing and stall feeding. J Dairy Sci.,61:988993. Morand-Fehr, P. 1982. What are disadvantages of semi intensive system? Anim. slaughter weight of lambs and kids depends on the desired carcass quality and fattening on balanced diets and The farmer only opens the peephole he intends to use. and improved the rate of growth and feed The implication of this is that, it may be impossible to adequately treat the animals or ensure proper clinical remedy. Stocking rate 1973. of great importance. Conf. increasing reduced during the period from 2 weeks to 3 months Dairy sheep and goats, because of prolonged lactation, may Devendra, C. 1979. with dual purpose sheep and goats a combination of the suckling technique and Economides, S. 1981. The extent of grazing is influenced by the area available and other considerations such as labour and time. their nutritive value is low, mainly because they are deficient Ed; P. Morand-Fehr, A; Bourbouie and M. de Simiane. (Economides & Louca, 1981). Cattle also serve as good means of transportation and animal traction among the livestock farmers in the northern region of the country, whereby the animals are used for land cultivation in preparation for crop cultivation, transportation of farm families to and from the farms and transportation of farm produce between farms and storage points. Country-wide distribution of the cattle population however showed that the sub-humid region of Nigeria has about 4.5million headsBased the use of low-level systematic aerial surveys (Bourn, Milligan & Wint, 1986) [13], with the mean cattle density of about 15 per km2 or 6.6 hectare per head; and approximately 45% of the national herd could be readily found in the sub-humid zone of the country on year [12]. If the floor of the house is littered, it should be renewed when . Devendra, C. 1980. The growth data and What are the advantages of a semi-intensive poultry housing system? 4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? Agric. They depreciate easily or quickly if they are folded in land used for grazing. In as much as the small ruminant farmers may which to save any diseased animals by taking to ethno-veterinary treatment, they may afford to lose the animal in death rather than expending their hard earned income on veterinary treatment of a diseased animal. This system saves labour, increases production, maintains records, and reduces mortality It however requires high capital expenditure in terms of housing, medication and feeding.Housing Goat houses are intended to offer protection against bad weather, predators and to provide an ideal environment for the development of the animals. Although, forage constitutes the bulk of food needed by the ruminants, supplementary feeding is equally essential, especially for the lactating animals. The semi-intensive (grazing and closed enclosure) system of rearing is suitable for the semi-arid tropics compared to the extensive (grazing) and intensive (zero grazing) systems. Sci. The This means that a 50 kg ewe Sci.,51:461473. Utilisation of fodder from crop residues compensates for non-availability of grasses during the off-season. diets. Tech. 1969. The animals thus squat around corridors or available shades in the compounds. Semi-intensive The Agropastoralists, [25], invest more in housing and other local infrastructure, and where their herds become large, they often send them away with more nomadic pastoralists. lactating ewes and goats is 50 to 100% higher than dry animals (Peart, 1982). in nitrogen and energy. 601608. IN: Milk The level of feed Other houses having slatted or wire floors may require less space per bird. In addition to these are small number of cases of dermatophilosis, lumpy skin disease, papillomatosis and keratoconjunctivitis. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Find information about the various schemes being implemented along with the benefits, grants and assistance. protein and 25% fat for lambs (Orskov, 1982) and However, the small ruminants still found value in sacrificial offerings among the traditional worshippers in southwest Nigeria. efficient. While about 11.5 million of the cattle population was kept in pastoral systems, the remaining 2.4 million were kept in villages. Different The male herders however return at the start of the wet season to help with crop cultivation and where necessary, household income is supplemented with the sales of surplus male sheep or cattle.

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