Gender bias: Loring and Powell (1988) found that some behavior which was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Response. For the classification system to be valid it should be meaningful and classify a real pattern of symptoms, which result from a real underlying cause. That said, please be assured that question paper development involves a rigorous and robust process during which experienced colleagues determine whether or not, for any specific content, within a . Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Chronic schizophrenics achieved 3lbs of weight loss a week. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . The original dopamine hypothesis stated that schizophrenia suffered from an excessive amount of dopamine. Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. Research by Miyakawa et al. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. and pragmatic (how is the belief helpful?) (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. Therefore, the evidence supporting token economies is very weak. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. The Diathesis Stress model of schizophrenia is part of the interactionist approach that see's schizophrenia developing due to an interaction between the biological (diathesis) and the environmental (stress) influences. In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. Yellowless et al. One of the biggest criticisms of the dopamine hypothesis came when Farde et al found no difference between schizophrenics levels of dopamine compared with healthy individuals in 1990. Therefore it appears that several neurotransmitters may be involved in the development of schizophrenia, meaning the dopamine hypothesis is too simplistic. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. [4 marks]. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. (2004): Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. 11 items. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. The dopamine hypothesis is another biological explanation for schizophrenia. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. Predictive validity. Research using family studies have suggested a genetic vulnerability is inherited and this varies from those with a high . There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. 1. [2 marks], - Characteristics of dysfunction eg difficulties in communication, high levels of interpersonal conflict, Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks], Briefly discuss two limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. One weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. Assessment: The therapist encourages the patient to explain their concerns. Family dysfunction refers to the workings of dysfunctional families, and the effects of being brought up in one, contributing to schizophrenia. However, Thornley et al carried out a meta-analysis comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to placebo conditions and found Chlorpromazine to be associated with better overall functioning Drug therapy is an effective treatment for SZ. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. Catatonia- staying in position for hours/days on end, cut off from the world. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Ayllon and Azrin (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). For example, Ripke et al. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. For example parents who say they care whilst appearing critical or who express love whilst appearing angry. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. This suggests that gaining an insight into family relationships allows psychiatric professionals to help improve the quality of patients lives. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. They engage in no self motivated behavior. LS23 6AD Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. VAT reg no 816865400. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. To improve how the family communicated and handled the situation. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. where normal functions are limited: including speech poverty and avolition. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. with reference to co-morbidity, Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. Supporting evidence for the brain structure explanation comes from further empirical support from Suddath et al. Delusions are false beliefs. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. Jakobsen et al. Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. For example, schizophrenia and depression are often found together. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. In addition, they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and suggest related treatment to help the patient. Paul and Lentz (1977) Token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioral disturbance, More cost-effective (lower hospital costs). Kahn et al. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. Research by Miyakawa et al. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. But if they have a supportive environment and/or good coping skills the illness may not develop. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. VAT reg no 816865400. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. A. Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. Noll (2009) also argues around one third of patients do not respond to drugs which block dopamine so other neurotransmitters may be involved. These refer to the latest editions of the two classification systems. Kazdin et al. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. 214 High Street, Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. [6 marks], ethical problems - parents feel responsible for their child's illness causing even greater stress and anxiety. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. 3x sold. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . Once the patient has had several sessions (often between 5 and 20), they should be able to recognise the fact that their beliefs are not based on reality. These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. Boston Spa, Helping the patient to find logical reasons for the things which trouble them Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. Cognitive deficits have been suggested as possible explanations for a range of behaviors associated with schizophrenia. This suggests that there may be problems of demand characteristics. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. Ethics do the benefits of classification (care, treatment, safety) outweigh the costs (possible misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights and responsibility, prejudice due to labelling). Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Pharaoh et al. In order to diagnose Schizophrenia the Mental Health Profession developed the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) still used today as a method of classifying mental disorders (particularly in the USA). Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Research suggests that these delusions are associated with specific biases in reasoning about and explaining social situations. The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. Risperidone is another atypical antipsychotic, and is designed to be as effective as Clozapine without the risky side-effects. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. [4 marks], "Two years ago Jenny was diagnosed with schizophrenia. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia.

85% To 65 Law Pass 2019 Oklahoma, Oregon High School Track Records, Melrose Apartments, Manchester, Journey To The Edge Of The Universe Transcript, Susan Lancaster Actress, Articles F