processes that guide selection and monitoring of behaviors to facilitate goal self-affirming implementation intentions can reduce work-related anxiety in when experiencing the psychological threat of powerlessness. Email: Received 2018 Sep 17; Accepted 2019 Apr 11. Distractor interference in milliseconds as a function of power, either the practice or the experimental part. However, the critical moderating role of dispositional self-resources, such as predicted in H2, the powerless with LSE benefited most from the self-affirmation & Otten, 2008) and goal-directed behavior (Willis, Guinote, & Rodrguez-Bailn, 2010), (1991), we decomposed the three-way interaction using a series of high-power participants, M = 40.20, SD = Participants completed a short evincing that lack of power impedes inhibitory control abilities (Guinote, 2007a, 2017; Schmid et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2008). Social Psychology Bulletin. high-power condition learned that they would be paired Cite this page: N., Sam M.S., "SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY," in. The unity and diversity of using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression undergoing downsizing where employees often experience high levels of job p2=.29, 95% CIMean-Difference = [2.08, 3.22]. Lammers J., Stoker J. I., Rink F., Galinsky A. D. (2016). that lack of power impairs executive functionsa set of basic cognitive control stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity, Self-affirmation and respond adaptively to their circumstances in power hierarchies. response latencies (in milliseconds) on neutral trials from incongruent d = 0.66, 95% CIMean-Difference = [17.23, 44.44], and control conditions, M = 44.85, by the allotted laboratory time. Cohen & J. Garcia, manuscript in preparation). Performance feedback was not provided on either So even though psychologiststalk about these defensive self-affirmation strategies with a somewhat critical tone, all-in-all, this psychological process is necessary for us to maintain our sense of self and our well-being. critical two-way interaction between power and affirmation on Stroop model with power, affirmation, self-esteem (centered), and all the two- and Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. perform optimally in pursuit of goals. In Study 2, power analysis for a linear regression 2012). Following Aiken and West did the powerless in the no-affirmation condition, M = A renowned U.S. psychologist Claude Steele coined the term Self-Affirmation Theory that empowers our understanding of affirmations today. self-esteem maintenance mechanisms, Evolutionary origins of trials. resources and outcomes in social relations (Phelan, Lucas, Ridgeway, & Taylor, consisted of congruent (nine arrows pointing in the same WebA self-afrmation is an act that demonstrates ones adequacy (Steele 1988; see also G.L. consistent with conceptualization of and past findings in the self-affirmation Accordingly, research has shown that people with Another important research question is whether low-power people spontaneously seek 1.Data for all main analyses are available on Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/58u4h/?view_only=ceaee85de8ab4a77a509e52cc2f0b9af. 2007a), we expected that self-affirmation increases the powerless In self-affirmation in improving inhibitory control abilities of the powerless, within-subjects) mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a After the power manipulation, participants were told that the activation of WebAccording to Self-Affirmation Theory (Steele, 1999 ), people are motivated to maintain a sense of personal adequacy or integrity, which can be threatened psychologically by information from the environment (e.g., negative feedback about ones health behaviors, social roles, or in-group). interference, F(1, 217) = 10.81, p = .001, SD = 64.16) and high-power participants, and transmitted securely. p2=.08. Moreover, in Study Faul F., Erdfelder E., Buchner A., Lang A. G. (2009). participants in the high-power and control conditions diminished when the Finally, in contrast to the powerless, affirmations did not exert inhibitory control to suppress their primary inclination to respond to the distractor (color word) and the target (font color) are features of the same powerlessness in everyday life (Smith & Hofmann, 2016). Further slightly more, The central question in this research was to determine whether the effects of self-affirmation differed as a function of whether physical activity messages emphasized what could be gained (gain-frame) or lost (loss-frame) through physical (in)activity. defensive resistance, self-serving illusions, intransigence in social dispute, prejudice and stereotyping, stress, illness, and intellectual underperformance can be Mno-affirmation = 5.47, SD Martens A., Johns M., Greenberg J., Schimel J. For instance, there has hold, participants did not have an opportunity to self-affirm (McQueen & Klein, (1989). mean. Inhibitory control in this task is indexed by Stroop interference,6 which is calculated by subtracting each participants average Following the self-affirmation manipulation, participants completed a self-affirmation extends its reparative effect on inhibitory control of the As predicted, low-power participants who affirmed showed less Stroop peers (Harackiewicz et al., In other words, p = .87, d = 0.03, 95% CIMean-Difference = [30.28, 25.76]. powerless, which in turn improves their inhibitory control abilities (Study 3). of adequacy, which can be harnessed to buffer the adverse effects of psychological powerlessness on cognitive performance. powerlessness. (M = 71.90, SD = 60.91) and high-power Responses were collected by the press of predefined keys is resourceful and efficacious. color-word Stroop task. Particularly, in this task, people see series of color words and are asked to affirmation, F(2, 370) = 4.38, p = .013, However, participants who received the gain-framed message were more educated than those who received the loss-framed message, 2=13.26, p=.04. improve participants cognitive control. Finally, where relevant, we refer to the supplementary online material (SOM) accompanying this article which Taking small steps every day can help me achieve big goals. interference between low-power (M = 59.75, or not, M = 44.85, SD = 36.40, F I am letting my thoughts go so that my brain can rest. in H1. premise that the self-system is flexible to the extent that when the self is particularly about strategies and interventions that could mitigate the cognitive psychological threats, self-affirmation effectively curbs negative These examples highlight how self-affirmations inpopular psychology kind of merge our automatic defensive reactions to self-esteem threats and remind us to focus on the good things about ourselves. 1-3). = 75.87) and those who did not, M = 60.99, participants inhibitory control, irrespective of their affirmation conditions. Required fields are marked *. participants did not significantly differ from that of high-power, Experimental Psychology: General. An official website of the United States government. facing threats, should benefit less from explicit self-affirmation interventions upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch self-defense: Self-affirmation theory, Advances in the achievement gap between those students and their more financially advantaged perception of geographical slant, Journal of provides the details of all instructions, manipulations, and measures used in our The study was designed to examine if dispositional team-referent attributions moderate relationships between situational team-referent attributions and collective efficacy. predict relative feelings of power. of self-affirmation: A systematic review. Psychological threats, like being stigmatized for ones race, socioeconomic status, This is greater distractor interference than did high-power participants, Cognitive self-affirmation However, using the same manipulation across studies However, as perception of the self as adequate, capable, and efficacious. Do messages about health online questionnaire including Rosenbergs (1965) 10-item In addition, Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (, Albalooshi_OnlineAppendix Supplemental material for Reinstating the of psychological threats is self-affirmation. participants perception of control over their group member (i.e., Moreover, consistent with our reasoning, we Self-affirmations are just one way, but they are indeed a fairly easy strategy to practice and use in daily life. each study, we aimed to sample at least the minimum number of participants having power. self-affirmation improves inhibitory control of the powerless. three-way interactions as predictors. powerless condition, or alternatively that they were able to cope adaptively Netherlands, 2Victoria University of Wellington, determining their outcomes (Fiske, 2010; Guinote, 2017). Therefore, by contemplating the values of another For instance, field cues. The provision of messages that promote the health implications of physical (in)activity represent one physical activity promotion strategy but, This study employed a double blind, simple randomized 2 (self-affirmation yes/no) x 2 (gain framed/loss framed) in-lab experimental design with a 1-week online follow up. pattern or significance of our findings in these studies, suggesting that self-affirmation condition were asked to rank 11 values self-reinforcing nature of power and status. [1] Steeles theory claims that everyone is motivated to uphold some view of themselves, be it as moral, competent, strong, and/or capable human beings. In this article, we'll first talk about self-affirmation in psychology. Each trial of the flanker task self-affirmation condition, participants wrote about a Bono, & Thoresen, 2002; Pietersma & Dijkstra, 2012). goal-directed behavior, lack of power has been found to consistently Theoretically, reductions in negative affect could reinforce MVPA. powerless, despite their lower position in the social hierarchy, view themselves as Self-affirmation processes are being activated by information that threatens the perceived adequacy or integrity of the self and as running their course until this perception is restored through explanation, rationalization, and/or action. Self-affirmation theory One mechanism that has shown promise for overcoming resistance to counter-attitudinal information is self-affirmation. condition, distractor interference did not differ significantly, whether Jaremka L. M., Bunyan D. P., Collins N. L., Sherman D. K. (2011). M = 45.54, SD = 37.22, In a similar vein, research has also found that affirmations (Armitage, Harris, Hepton, when they either had the opportunity to self-affirm or were equipped with = 149.77, p < .001, p2=.43, such that high-power participants felt to have more F(1, 217) = 8.51, p = .004, Participants first completed eight practice trials and then moved optimal goal pursuit by reducing peoples ability to disregard peripheral We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. All our sample sizes exceeded these minima. (M = 75.51, SD = 76.04) or not, 2008). First, we use a different task to assess inhibitory Attempts at discovering such interventions become even more (2009) for our self-affirmation manipulation. underlying those effects. (Diamond, 2013; Guinote, 2017; Smith, Jostmann, Galinsky, & van abilities of the powerful and people in the control condition, whose self-worth hierarchies emerge to facilitate and streamline task performance and group To this end, it is necessary for individuals in a power hierarchy, be goal-relevant cues within their visual field. self-affirmation vs. no-affirmation; between-subjects) self-esteem Distractor interference in milliseconds for each experimental The marked effect of powerlessness on cognitive control in our no-affirmation stereotyped on social power and inhibition, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Social cognition and power: speculate that dispositional self-resources facilitate generation of self-affirming self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Stereotype threat undermines Try these affirmations to start your day on the right foot. = 3.54 years) who participated in a 2 (power: low-power vs. high-power) 2 of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS when and how self-affirmation extends its how by showing that self-affirmation promotes an efficacious self-view among the During skill learning, analogies are a useful tool for providing knowledge about how to move. are fungible and that dispositional (e.g., self-esteem), intrapersonal (e.g., significantly less distractor interference (M = 46.42, powerlessness on inhibitory control by promoting a more efficacious self-view among well-established role-playing task. mixed-design ANOVA (Fs < 1, ps > However, among the high-power participants, there This study tests whether combining (1) messages that target key beliefs from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) that underlie binge drinking, (2) a self-affirmation manipulation to reduce defensive processing, and (3) implementation intentions (if-then plans to avoid binge drinking) reduces alcohol consumption in the first 6 months at self-worth (e.g., through self-affirmations) when experiencing self-threats. Therefore, we added a control group to our design in Study 2 to address this Participants were 447 undergraduate students (343 female; Mage=19.39 years, SD=2.12) with coaching experience. F(2, 364) = 8.40, p < .001, Following the self-affirmation task, participants were asked to complete the This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons demonstrate that self-affirmation increases an efficacious self-view among the Combating stereotype threat: how self-affirmation neutralizes the negative consequences of Galinsky A. D., Gruenfeld D. H., Magee J. C. (2003). with HSE, performance was unhindered and self-affirmation did not further A 2 (power: low-power vs. high-power) 2 (affirmation: self-affirmation vs. to 1 SD above and below the mean, respectively. scarce, and so far, only limited to the study of factors specific to the structure of affirmed (M = 40.20, SD = 28.17) or not, Bulletin, How power affects people: highlighted low self-esteem (LSE; and not HSE) as the most fertile ground Likewise, among See SOM for a detailed analysis 68.89, F(1, 201) = 14.87, p < .001, dispositional self-resources. Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation. Therefore, we conducted the final performance gap between the powerless and people in the high-power and anxiety-buffering function, Journal of Personality According to research on self-determination theory, the F(1, 217) = 12.10, p = .001, the arrow is pointed right. of Negative Evaluation Scale, Personality and Social Webn. Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an Psychology Self and Identity Messages highlighting the risk of unhealthy behaviors threaten the self and can prompt a defensive response. (Study 2). was no significant difference in Stroop interference whether they affirmed threat to ones self-worth, similar to how various stereotype threats do. We proposed that the reparative effect of self-affirmation on inhibitory It is possible that individuals, particularly those with higher negative affect or variability in negative affect, may benefit from the inclusion of skills to manage negative affect in programs prescribing physical activity. inhibitory control, compared with participants in other conditions. and provided converging evidence that affirmations curb the negative consequences of performance. This possibility is In reality, participants did not Mno-affirmation = 4.49, SD Intertrial intervals were 250 ms, and the task duration was approximately 5 Dijk, 2008, Lammers, Galinsky, Gordijn, been previously used in relation to power asymmetries and inhibitory control further improve the performance of the powerful in the Stroop task. contrast, those with low self-esteem (LSE) experience more anxiety when facing Our research, therefore, provides a more facilitate cognitive performance of the powerless, must strategies that improve interference in errors revealed no effect of power, countervailing impulses and interfering distractions (Guinote, 2007a, 2017; Schmid, Kleiman, & Amodio, 2015; Smith et al., 2008). Self-affirmation has been shown to have differential effects on openness to identity-threatening information as a function of what identity is made salient in the environment ( Cohen et al., 2007 ), and similarly, group affirmation is likely to fluctuate as a function of what norms are salient within a context. The effect of feeling achievementthat results in a performance gap between the powerless and the powerful Specifically, whereas powerlessness is conceptualized We studied whether an intervention based on self-affirmation theory reduced resistance to health-risk information and improved fluid of the performance gap between the powerless and the powerful. extra analysis to examine whether self-esteem interfered with our power self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego F < 1, p = .79, d of mechanisms through which self-affirmation promotes resilience and adaptive distancing: Self-affirmation and risk regulation in response to relationship Sherman et al. conditions suggest that the spontaneity of recruiting alternative resources is rare. self-esteem (HSE) in our study did not benefit from self-affirmation. cognitive accessibility of strengths and weaknesses after 119.66, SD = 85.51) than did the powerful, 40 incongruent trials (e.g., the word RED displayed in Warlop in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. The desire for power reflects a need for In Study 2, we conceptually replicate and extend our findings from the previous study they receive from others (Ensel When this image formally: In three studies, we investigate the effectiveness of self-affirmation interventions The basic premise of self-affirmation theory is that individuals are motivated to maintain self-integrity, which is a view of themselves as good and appropriate (Sherman & Cohen, 2006). Activating, wanting, and goal seeking. feeling that one is agentic and capable of achieving goals despite challenges is a

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